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Over half of all births to young adults in the United States now occur outside of marriage, and many are unplanned. The result is increased poverty and inequality for children. The left argues for more social support for unmarried parents; the right argues for a return to traditional marriage.
In Generation Unbound, Isabel V. Sawhill offers a third approach: change "drifters" into "planners." In a well-written and accessible survey of the impact of family structure on child well-being, Sawhill contrasts "planners," who are delaying parenthood until after they marry, with "drifters," who are having unplanned children early and outside of marriage. These two distinct patterns are contributing to an emerging class divide and threatening social mobility in the United States.
Sawhill draws on insights from the new field of behavioral economics, showing that it is possible, by changing the default, to move from a culture that accepts a high number of unplanned pregnancies to a culture in which adults only have children when they are ready to be a parent.
- Sales Rank: #350449 in Books
- Published on: 2014-09-25
- Released on: 2014-09-25
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.75" h x 6.00" w x .75" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 212 pages
Review
"Forty years ago, Isabel Sawhill inspired a generation of scholars, including myself, with her landmark research on divorce. Now, she does it again, turning her sharp eye on non-marital childbearing with equal success. Free of ideology and comprehensive in scope, her story highlights how the decline in marriage is affecting children's life chances and what might be done to reverse the trend."―Sara McLanahan, William S. Tod Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs, Princeton University
"Dr. Sawhill makes a thoughtful, fresh, rigorously documented case for reducing unplanned pregnancies. She pushes against a strong headwind to argue for two parent families as often as possible. If she is right about the economc and cultural implications about pur changing procreation behavior, we have a lot of work to do."―Donna Shalala, Former Secretary of Health and Human Services
"No one is better qualified than Belle Sawhill to tackle two of the most important questions facing America today. At a time of rapidly changing family structure, who is best able to raise children? And how can we do a better job of making sure the children who are born are welcomed by parents who are prepared to give them the love and sustained attention they deserve? Full of new research and analysis, this book will make you re-think what you know about both."―Judy Woodruff, PBS Newshour
"Belle Sawhill has written an extraordinary book that surfaces and analyzes the most important demographic shift over the last 50 years: the trend of young adults drifting into parenthood, rather than planning for it. The negative implications for the ability of young adults and their children to achieve the American Dream are profound and deeply troubling, but this superbly written book, drawing on insights from behavioral economics, provides clearheaded, actionable recommendations of how we can change course and ensure that every young person can achieve their full potential. Generation Unbound is a must read for policy makers, change agents, parents, anyone working to ensure that America continues to be the land of opportunity."―Mark Edwards, Executive Director, Opportunity Nation
Isabel Sawhill takes a more serious view. A former budget aide for Bill Clinton who now works at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC, she has been pondering the state of the family for decades. Generation Unbound is clear, concise and admirably fair-minded.The Economist
An important new book.Nicholas Kristoff, The New York Times
You won't find a clearer-eyed analyst of family and poverty than Sawhill to serve as guides in charting a new way forward…Conservatives will have to do better in order to compete with the vision promoted in these books, which speaks forthrightly to the left, right, and middle.Emily Bazelon, The Atlantic
Isabel Sawhill of the Brookings Institution makes a compelling case that the humble IUD could help halt the ongoing rise of single mothers, who are disproportionately impoverished.Jordan Weissman, Slate
Thoughtful…I highly recommend.Catherine Rampell, The Washington Post
About the Author
Isabel V. Sawhill is a senior fellow in Economic Studies at Brookings, where she holds the Cabot Family Chair. She also serves as codirector of the Center on Children and Families. She is the coauthor (with Ron Haskins) of Creating an Opportunity Society (Brookings, 2009) and board president of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
Most helpful customer reviews
9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
A serious work that deserves attention
By James Denny
In "Generation Unbound," author Isabel Sawhill explores the de-coupling of marriage and parenthood in American families. In the years since 1970 which she uses as a benchmark, Sawhill reveals in detail the predictions of Daniel Patrick Moynihan in his seminal work of five years earlier (1965), in which he warned of perils to the black family as a result of rising rates of single parenting.
What has happened in the 50 years since then has affected black families, Hispanic families and white families. Almost unbelievably, approximately 70 percent of black births are now out of wedlock. Hispanics are next; and then come whites. Sawhill doesn't mention it in "Generation Unbound" but Asian-American out-of-welock births are still very low in comparison to all others.
What is going on? Sawhill points to a tipping point which occurred when the of age of first marriage became higher than the age of parenthood. In sum, children were born and present before marriage occurred. Of significance, such is not the case for college-graduate Americans, whose investments in education, a number of years in the workforce and marriage keep out-of-wedlock births at low levels.
Where the out-of-wedlock birth rates have become especially problematic is in the 20-to-30 year old range, among those soley with a high-school diploma or with some college only. Unlike the past where single parentage may have accidental because of death or primarily because of divorce, today it is happening largely because young women are having out-of-wedlock births either by accident or choice. Even with the most effective contraceptives in human history and with the option of legal abortion, the out-of-wedlock birth rate is at an historic all-time high.
To explain this extreme rise in single parentage, Sawhill offers up three scenarios which deserve attention: the independence effect; the welfare-state hypothesis; and the marriageable-male hypothesis. The independence effect is based on women's wanting "to have it all" but on their own terms, i.e., a husband is not necessary and the woman can single-parent as she chooses. The welfare-state model is based on those from the lowest socioeconomic strata for whom a job would not provide as great as an array of benefits as a housing voucher, Medicaid, food-stamps, fuel-fund assistance, reliance upon relatives and various cash benefits. The final hypothesis is the lack of marriageable men in some communities and subcultures that creates such a vacuum that a woman may as well opt for single parenthood, do it on her own and not try to co-parent with an unreliable deadbeat. None of these scenarios is mutually exclusive; there may be a blend or hybridizing between or among these three scenarios.
What seems clear and Sawhill puts it forward in a refreshingly non-ideological way is that for children, a single parent situation is almost never as good as a two-parent situation. While there are exceptions, they are exceptions and not the rule. Two incomes or one income along with one full-time parent make childrearing easier and more successful. Virtually every indicator of mental health, physical wellness, safety, academic achievement and family stability is enhanced by the two-parent scenario. There is also a biological parentage bonus which eclipses the step-parent and live-in only situation.
What it says is that two-parent biological families have a big leg-up on single-parent families. In the final chapters, Sawhill sees the slide into one-parent families, "parenthood without marriage" as something akin to having let the genie out of the bottle. She's not sure that it can be put back in. It's not clear whether she sees the institution of marriage in trouble or whether this trend is primarily socio-economic.
The final consequence for future of the nation is that American families are increasingly drawn into sharper class distinctions with less social mobility.
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Brilliant analysis and do-able policy recommendations to improve children's lives in the US
By A reader from Washington DC
If you think every child ought to have a fair chance at success both economically and personally, read this book. We all know more and more children are being born into one-parent families, families that are disproportionately poor. Research shows that many single-parented children endure broken and re-broken family lives, with rising rates of abuse and neglect and a growing inability to form trusting relationships. Policymakers used to think a greater emphasis on marriage could help. Now, however, research shows that among the middle class and poor, for a variety of reasons marriage is becoming less and less common, and this situation is unlikely to turn around. Sawhill's book is a thoughtful, reasoned, compassionate look at one of our country’s most troubling problems and offers some practical suggestions that are not pie-in-the-sky but reasonably achievable as to how to improve the situation. This work presents a truly rich, wide, and highly readable overview of the relevant research and data. It envisions all sorts of possible questions, objections, and reactions, and speaks kindly and clearly to each of them. It's rare to consider a book of social research and policy recommendations as beautifully written, but this one is just that. It's even rarer to come across policy recommendations touching on intimate family matters that are achievable in the current political and social climate, but these are. A splendid achievement and a call to action.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
This seems like a very good way of helping children be wanted ...
By Amazon Customer
American family life has changed remarkably in my lifetime. I wonder what the changes mean for our future. This is a complex book because it covers so much ground: adult-adult relationships; adult-child relationships; contraception and abortion; related family law; economic and workplace changes; and public policy. The subject matter is changing almost daily, but it involves lifelong commitments, especially to children. A Washington Post review got me interested in the book.
Dr. Sawhill shows the convention of marriage, arising over thousands of years, unraveling in the past fifty. She supplies plenty of data, especially regarding adverse effects on low income, single-parent children. Two results seem clear. First, low-income children face new challenges in preparing for and succeeding in adulthood. Second, the man-woman, “till-death-do-us-part” marriage no longer reflects living arrangements for most Americans—especially those with assets below the top 25 percent. I found the adverse impacts on children surprising. Low income children in single parent families probably have a high likelihood of repeating the same economic struggles as their parents. Their plight affects all Americans.
Dr. Sawhill seeks public policies that change the game. She hopes that parents will plan for children and welcome them into nurturing homes. She supports existing education, health, and income supplements but notes these are not enough. Her key finding is that a high proportion of parents drift into unplanned and sometimes unwanted children. Existing contraception policies are not working. She calls for a shift to long acting reversible contraception (LARC), probably offered under the Affordable Care Act. She asserts that LARCs are safe and cost-effective and that Americans have been very slow in making the shift. This seems like a very good way of helping children be wanted and planned and relieving adults of premature childcare burdens they are not prepared to accept.
In analyzing family change, I think Dr. Sawhill overstates new freedoms for women and understates broader economic shifts. I think she embraces a kind of stereotypical male view that unduly blames men for family change and the collapse of marriage. I think employment prospects for men and women will eventually resolve, but I’m afraid the present trajectory will not help middle or poor Americans. The challenge is creating sustainable employment with livable wages and finding people who can fill the need.
I recommend reading this book for an update on American families. I found it hard reading but managed to finish and think it was worth the effort. I frequently found myself thinking about the observations and findings and agree with most.
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