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Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism, by Meghan L. O'Sullivan
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Policymakers will need all the tools at their disposal to craft an effective response to international terrorism and to protect and promote other U.S. interests in the coming decades. In this quest to shape the right strategies for the challenges ahead, economic instruments will play a central role. O'Sullivan, an expert on the use of positive and negative tools of economic statecraft, argues that in the post-September 11th international climate, the United States will be even more willing to use its economic power to advance its foreign policy goals than it has in the past. This impulse, she argues, can lead to a more effective foreign policy given the many ways in which sanctions and incentives can forcefully advance U.S. interests. But a recalibration of these tools—sanctions in particular—is necessary in order for them to live up to their potential. Critical to such a reassessment is a thorough understanding of how the post-cold war international environment—globalization and American primacy in particular—has influenced how sanctions work. O'Sullivan addresses this issue in a thorough examination of sanctions-dominated policies in place against Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Sudan. Her findings not only highlight the many ways in which sanctions have often been poorly suited to achieve their goals in the past, but also suggest how policymakers might use these tools to better effect in the future. This book will provide a valuable resource for policymakers groping to find the right set of instruments to address both the old and the new challenges facing the United States. It will also serve as an important resource to those interested in U.S. policy toward 'rogue' states and in the status of the sanctions debate between policymakers and scholars.
- Sales Rank: #1342844 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Brookings Institution Press
- Published on: 2003-01-16
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x 1.00" w x 5.98" l, 1.30 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 424 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"Quite simply, this is the best book on economic sanctions and American foreign policy that I have ever read. Shrewd Sanctions is a model of how to blend scholarly analysis with policy-relevant research." —David A. Baldwin, Columbia University, 1/1/2003
"Shrewd Sanctions breaks new ground in moving beyond the narrow sanctions' debate to address more pertinent concerns about thow sanctions fit into a post-cold war, post-9/11 approach to American Foreign policy." —Rhodes, Middle East, 5/1/2003
"O'Sullivan has produced a superb study of sanctions that should be required reading for UN and US policy-makers." —David Cortright, President, Forth Freedom Forum, Contemporary Security Policy, 8/1/2003
"...a superbly written investigation of the effectiveness of U.S. sanctions against Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Sudan. In each case study, O'Sullivan meticulously examines the economic and political impact of sanctions, the extent to which they achieved their policy goals, the costs borne to the United States, and the utility of sanctions relative to other alternatives, like the use of military force or diplomatic engagement." —Mark Strauss, Foreign Policy, Chronicle of Higher Education, 6/13/2003
"Shrewd Sanctions is a wise book of advice about how the United States can better integrate the use of economic sanctions into effective foreign policy....this book should still be required reading for US policy makers, including members of Congress." —Clement M. Henry, University of Texas at Austin, Middle East Journal, 9/1/2003
"... display of the positive and negative aspects of economic tools, those inducements or sanctions related to political diplomacy.... The book offers, through its case studies, an important opportunity to examine the strategies and effects of sanctions in the four targeted countries from a purely political and economic, rather than a humanitarian, perspective.... Her incisive dismemberment of the sanctions strategies and their potential optimal applications allows the reader to observe carefully and cogently the dynamics operating in this area of international power and drama.... The reader will do well to consider her important work with due diligence and appreciation." —Dr. Shyrl Topp Matias, Punahou School, International Journal on World Peace, 9/1/2003
"Meghan O'Sullivan offers new thinking about using sanctions and other economic tools to address our most serious foreign policy challenges. This well-written book offers thoughtful analysis and pragmatic prescriptions —and, ultimately, a better understanding of how the United States can use its economic power in the pursuit of its national security interests in the post-9/11 era." —General Brent Scowcroft, former U.S. national security adviser, 1/1/2003
"Shrewd Sanctions is an authoritative look at how sanctions work as a tool of U.S. foreign policy. In evaluating the record of sanctions on Iran, Iraq, Libya and Sudan, Meghan O'Sullivan offers important, practical recommendations for how American policymakers should deal with state sponsors of terrorism." —Lee H. Hamilton, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1/1/2003
"Shrewd Sanctions offers fresh insight into the sanctions debate, looking beyond general arguments over whether sanctions do or don't work to how and when sanctions policies can be crafted to deliver results. Of particular relevance is O'Sullivan's examination of sanctions in the context of pressing foreign policy challenges: terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Her analysis and recommendations will be invaluable to policymakers and stakeholders engaged with this important issue." —Samuel R. Berger, former U.S. national security adviser, 1/1/2003
About the Author
Meghan L. O'Sullivan is a staff member in the Policy Planning division of the State Department and a former fellow in the foreign policy studies program at the Brookings Institution. She is the co-editor, with Ambassador Richard Haass, of Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy (Brookings, 2000).
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Crafting Effective Sanctions
By Jeffery Steele
Over the last two decades, American policymakers have increasingly used sanctions to punish countries that transgress U.S. and international norms, or attack U.S. interests. Sometimes these sanctions are coordinated with multilateral sanctions; sometimes the U.S. applies them alone. Sometimes the U.S. puts forward comprehensive sanctions against a country; sometimes it only sanctions particular companies or organizations in a country rather than the country itself. In some cases, the U.S. continually adjusts its sanctions against a particular country; in other cases, those sanctions remain fairly static.
The variety of sanction packages begs a question: which ones actually work in changing the behavior of the state being sanctioned? Part of the surprising multifaceted answer to this question, according to Meghan O' Sullivan, is that many policymakers don't even seem to care. Instead, they look upon sanctions as a generic expression of disapproval against the country being sanctioned -- with U.S. domestic interests often affecting the actual shape that disapproval takes -- rather than as a practical tool of statecraft.
O'Sullivan's book is an attempt to rescue sanctions from this current state by showing their potential as effective policy to change the sanctioned state's behavior. She does this by closely examining four case studies where the U.S. employed sanctions against countries it deemed to be state sponsors of terrorism - Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Sudan.
This book's twin cardinal virtues are its thoroughness and its cautious conclusions. Despite footnoting every twist and turn in how the U.S. employed sanctions in the four cases, and what subsequently happened in those sanctioned countries, O'Sullivan never overreaches in her claims. Many places in the book, she is careful to note that proving what sanctions accomplished (or did not accomplish) in any particular case is extremely difficult to separate from other factors affecting the outcome. Nevertheless, she superbly teases out some interesting and valuable conclusions from the data.
At the end of her book, O'Sullivan focuses on what policymakers need to do to make sanctions effective policy rather than just dramatic policy. She believes they should employ sanctions that are flexible, as well as maintain open channels of communication with the sanctioned country. Too often, U.S. policymakers have used rigid and redundant guidelines for sanctions that don't allow the target to be rewarded for good behavior. Without this flexibility, there is almost no incentive for the country to change. This causes the U.S. sanctions regime against it to harden into permanent U.S. policy, even when there is little interest in either country for this to happen.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Best in Class
By Bruce McNamer
It is unfortunate that the debate with respect to the use of sanctions so often boils down to a religious one - sanctions good or sanctions bad. What nuance there is in that argument often seems as similarly simplistic - multi-lateral sanctions good, unilateral sanctions bad. In this context, Meghan O'Sullivan's "Shrewd Sanctions" presents a timely and carefully reasoned call for a more finely calibrated approach to the use of sanctions as a tool of foreign policy. In each of four case studies covering Libya, Iraq, Iran and Sudan, O'Sullivan evaluates sanctions regimes against a set of criteria which includes their economic and political impact, effectiveness relative to the goals laid out for them, the varied costs associated with their imposition, and the relative effectiveness of these sanctions regimes vs. alternative policy instruments. In her final chapter, O'Sullivan lays out a series of specific recommendations for policy makers to strengthen the performance of sanctions.
"Shrewd Sanctions" does seem to me one of those rare books able to appeal to a "crossover" audience - of sanctions "experts" on the one hand, and relative foreign policy novices on the other. That it does so is a tribute to O'Sullivan's fluid writing, rigorous and straightforward analysis, and her ability to continually frame the most specific instances and arguments in a broader context - both historically and in the most current and urgent geo-political sense. I expect this to be a staple in classrooms and in the foreign policy establishment for some time to come.
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